Abstract: Ottoman expansion into the Western Mediterranean in the sixteenth century created an intense rivalry with the Habsburgs. This article examines this conflict from a different aspect, i.e.
What role did espionage play in Charles V's campaigns against the Ottomans?The research shows that espionage critically informed military strategies, such as during the 1535 Tunis campaign, when intelligence on Ottoman troop movements was paramount. Notably, reports from agents like Arz lla provided details on Barbarossa's forces, aiding Habsburg preparations.How did the geography of the Kingdom of Naples influence Habsburg espionage?The Kingdom of Naples served as a strategic rear-guard for espionage, capitalizing on its geographical proximity to Ottoman territories. This advantageous location allowed for effective intelligence gathering and communication with spies stationed in the Levant.What can be inferred about the social backgrounds of Habsburg spies?Many spies in the Habsburg network were Greek-Albanian exiles or Italian merchants, leveraging their linguistic skills and local knowledge. This demographic composition enabled clandestine operations within Ottoman domains, where they risked being undetected.
After escaping another encirclement with heavy casualties, now as part of 50th Army, it retreated first to Belyov and then formed a core of the defense of the city of Tula, which was successfully defended into early December, after which…
Launched in 1911, the Cavour, Cesare and Da Vinci were veterans of ww1. 2 were modernized and totally rebuilt from 1931 to 1937. They served in ww2 as well.
The use of slave and forced labour in Nazi Germany (German: Zwangsarbeit) and throughout German-occupied Europe during World War II took place on an unprecedented scale. [2 ] It was a vital part of the German economic exploitation of…
Nepřítel vyčerpal v těchto bojích všechny své zálohy, 16. td a 17. td utrpěly těžké ztráty (historickým podkladem je zde: Dějiny Velké vlastenecké války 1941 - 1945 Svazek 4, str. 188.).
The first purpose-built British seaplane carrier was HMS Ark Royal in 1914. The ship had an active career in both wars, in WW2 she was known as HMS Pegasus.
The South African Navy Defence Force was established in 1922 and took a growing part in the commonwealth operations in WW1 and especially WW2 as it was strategically situated.