Homeobox protein CDX-4 - Wikipedia
It does so through the regulation of Hox gene expression. [6 ] [7 ] [8 ]
The cation efflux transporter ZnT8 (Slc30A8) is a major…
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from progressive loss of pancreatic islet mass through autoimmunity targeted at a diverse, yet limited, series of molecules that are expressed in the pancreatic β cell.
Pancreatic Cancer Risk Factors | American Cancer Society
Smoking is one of the biggest risk factors for pancreatic cancer. Learn more about risk factors of pancreatic cancer.
The Chronic Pancreatitis ICD-9-CM Code 577.1 is Inaccurate…
Epidemiological studies employing administrative databases use the ICD-9-CM code (577.1) to identify patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP). We hypothesized that coding of CP in these databases is inaccurate.
Transplantation
Background. Physiologically regulated insulin secretion and euglycemia are achievable in type 1 d
Human digestive system - Wikipedia
The human digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of digestion (the tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder).
Type 1 diabetes - Wikipedia
Diabetes mellitus type 1, commonly known as type 1 diabetes (T1D), and formerly known as juvenile diabetes, is an autoimmune disease that occurs when the body's immune system destroys pancreatic cells (beta cells). [5 ] In healthy persons…
Alcohol and Cancer Risk Fact Sheet - NCI
A fact sheet that summarizes the evidence linking alcohol consumption to the risk of various cancers. Includes information about factors that affect the risk of alcohol-associated cancers.
What is alcohol?
Alcohol is the common term for ethanol or ethyl alcohol, a chemical substance found in alcoholic beverages such as beer, hard cider, malt liquor, wines, and distilled spirits (liquor). Alcohol is produced by the fermentation of sugars and starches by yeast. Alcohol is also found in some medicines, mouthwashes, and household products (including vanilla extract and other flavorings). This fact sheet focuses on cancer risks associated with the consumption of alcoholic beverages. According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), a standard alcoholic drink in the United States contains 14.0 grams (0.6 ounces) of pure alcohol. Generally, this amount of pure alcohol is found in: 12 ounces of beer (a standard bottle) 8–10 ounces of malt liquor (a standard serving size) 5 ounces of wine (a typical glass) 1.5 ounces of 80-proof liquor or distilled spirits (a "shot") These amounts are used by public health experts in developing health guidelines about alcohol consumption and to provide a way for people to compare the amounts of alcohol they consume. However, they may not reflect the typical serving sizes people may encounter in daily life. The federal government’s Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020–2025 does not recommend that individuals who do not drink alcohol start drinking for any reason. The Dietary Guidelines also recommend that people who drink alcohol do so in moderation, by limiting consumption to two drinks or less in a day for men and one drink or less in a day for women, on days when alcohol is consumed. NIAAA defines heavy alcohol drinking as having four or more drinks on any day or eight or more drinks per week for women and five or more drinks on any day or 15 or more drinks per week for men. Binge drinking is defined as consuming five or more drinks (men), or four or more drinks (women), in about 2 hours. All binge drinking is considered harmful. A recent Surgeon General’s Advisory has called for reconsidering the recommended limits for alcohol in the US Dietary Guidelines to account for the increased risk of cancer that is associated with consumption of alcohol at or below the guideline levels.Does alcohol drinking cause cancer?
There is strong scientific evidence that alcohol drinking can cause cancer (1, 2). The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified alcohol as a Group 1 carcinogen (cancer-causing substance) in 1987 due to sufficient evidence that it causes cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, and liver in people. The National Toxicology Program has listed consumption of alcoholic beverages as a known human carcinogen in its Report on Carcinogens since the ninth edition, in 2000. Epidemiologic studies have shown that people who drink alcohol are at higher risk of certain cancers than those who do not drink alcohol and that the more someone drinks, the higher the risk of these cancers. Even light drinkers can be at increased risk of some cancers. For example, women who have just one drink per day have a higher risk of breast cancer than those who have less than one drink a week, and risk is increased even more in heavy drinkers and binge drinkers (3-7). Alcohol consumption was responsible for about 5%—or nearly 100,000—of the 1.8 million cancer cases diagnosed in the United States in 2019 and about 4%—or nearly 25,000—of the 600,000 US cancer deaths that year (8). Drinking alcohol is associated with increased risks of the following types of cancer compared with not drinking: Cancer Type Risk increases associated with alcohol drinking* Reference(s) Oral cavity (mouth) and throat 1.8 times as likely in light drinkers 5 times as likely in heavy drinkers 4 Voice box 1.4 times as likely in light drinkers 2.6 times as likely in heavy drinkers 4 Esophageal (squamous cell carcinoma) 1.3 times as likely in light drinkers 5 times as likely in heavy drinkers 4 Liver 2 times as likely in heavy drinkers 4, 9, 10 Breast 1.04 times as likely in light drinkers 1.23 times as likely in moderate drinkers 1.6 times as likely in heavy drinkers 4, 11, 12 Colorectal 1.2 to 1.5 times as likely in moderate to heavy drinkers 4, 11, 13 *Note: these risks are relative risks, which show the proportional chance of a new cancer diagnosis occurring in one group compared with another group (e.g., in those who drink alcohol compared with those who don’t). But it is important to keep in mind that for a less common cancer (such as squamous cell cancer of the esophagus, in the United States), even a large relative risk may represent only a small change in the actual chance that someone will develop that cancer (that is, their absolute risk). By contrast, for a more common cancer, such as breast cancer, even a small relative risk can translate into a large absolute risk. View and Print Infographic Using data from Australia, recalculated using US standard drinks, the recent Surgeon General’s Advisory reports that among 100 women who have less than one drink per week, about 17 will develop an alcohol-related cancer among 100 women who have one drink a day, 19 will develop an alcohol-related cancer among 100 women who have two drinks a day, about 22 will develop an alcohol-related cancer This means that women who have one drink a day have an absolute increase in the risk of an alcohol-related cancer of 2 per 100, and those who have two drinks a day an absolute increase of 5 per 100, compared with those who have less than one drink a week. For men, the number of alcohol-related cancers per 100 is 10 for those who have less than one drink a week, 11 for those who have one drink a day (an increase of 1 per 100), and 13 for those who have two drinks a day (an increase of 3 per 100). Some evidence suggests that alcohol consumption may also be associated with increased risks of melanoma and of pancreatic, prostate, and stomach cancers (4, 14). However, for cancers of the bladder, ovary, and uterus, either no association with alcohol use has been found or the evidence for an association is inconsistent. Alcohol consumption has also been associated with decreased risks of kidney cancers (15–17), thyroid cancer (18, 19), and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (20–22) in multiple studies. However, the number of cases of these cancers thought to be prevented by alcohol consumption is much lower than the total number of cancer cases attributable to alcohol consumption.How does alcohol cause cancer?
Researchers have hypothesized multiple ways in which alcohol may increase the risk of cancer (23), including: metabolizing (breaking down) ethanol in alcoholic drinks to acetaldehyde, which is a toxic chemical and a probable human carcinogen; acetaldehyde can damage both DNA and proteins generating reactive oxygen species (chemically reactive molecules that contain oxygen), which can damage DNA, proteins, and lipids (fats) in the body through a process called oxidation impairing the body’s ability to break down and absorb a variety of nutrients that may be associated with cancer risk, including vitamin A; nutrients in the vitamin B complex, such as folate; vitamin C; vitamin D; vitamin E; and carotenoids making it easier for the mouth and throat to absorb harmful chemicals, such as those from cigarette smoke, that can lead to cancer increasing blood levels of estrogen, which at high levels can cause breast cancer negatively influencing one-carbon metabolism and folate absorption, leading to DNA damage (24)Naspghan | Pancreatic Disorders
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Laboratoř farmakogenomiky | Biomedicínské centrum
Aktuálně z laboratoře O nás Laboratoř farmakogenomiky (viz. Tým) se zabývá zejména hledáním vhodných prognostických a prediktivních biomarkerů pro hodnocení ...
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