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Harold Nicolson – Wikipedie

cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/harold_nicolson

Ráno jsem viděl André Mauroise. Řekl, že nikdy v životě nezažil takovou agónii, jako když viděl Paříž vyhřívat se za krásného letního dne a uvědomil si, že to možná už nikdy neuvidí.

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Timeline of World War II (1944) - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)

Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.

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Palace of Castel Gandolfo - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/palace_of_castel_gandolfo

The Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo, or the Apostolic Palace of Castel Gandolfo from its Italian name Palazzo Apostolico di Castel Gandolfo, is a 135-acre (54.6-ha) complex of buildings in a garden setting in the city of Castel Gandolfo…

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Vatican Museums - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/vatican_museums

They display works from the immense collection amassed by the Catholic Church and the papacy throughout the centuries, including several of the best-known Roman sculptures and most important masterpieces of Renaissance art in the world.

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(PDF) Crucesignatus: its origins and early usage

academia.edu/crucesignatus_its_origins_and_early_usage

At the beginning of the crusade movement, two groups of o@cial terms appeared that designated and de&ed crusadcn. One group of terms rejected tk pilgrimage while tk other rejected the symbolism of tk cross.

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What explains the terminology used for crusaders in medieval documents?

The study reveals that the terms used for crusaders evolved significantly, reflecting papal intentions. For instance, in 1145, Pope Eugenius III employed similar terminology for both the Slavic Crusade and the Holy Land Crusade, indicating their perceived equivalence.

How did papal terminology for crusades change during the 12th century?

Papal terminology transitioned from ambiguous pilgrim references to more defined terms, culminating in the regular use of 'crucesignatus.' By the late 12th century, Pope Innocent III used this term systematically in reference to formal crusading efforts.

When did the term 'crucesignatus' become widely adopted in crusade documentation?

The term 'crucesignatus' gained general use shortly after the start of the Third Crusade in 1189, as evidenced by correspondence from Peter of Blois and joint letters from Kings Richard and Philip. These references indicate a shift towards standardized crusader terminology.